Animal That Looks Like a Beaver and Duck

Animal That Looks Like a Beaver and Duck

Species of mammal

Platypus [1] Temporal range: 9–0Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Miocene to Recent
Conservation condition
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.ane) [2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Grade:	Mammalia
Order:	Monotremata
Family:	Ornithorhynchidae
Genus:	Ornithorhynchus Blumenbach, 1800
Species:	O. anatinus
Binomial name
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799)
Platypus range (ruby – native, yellowish – introduced)
Synonyms [three]
Ornithorhynchus agilis de Vis, 1886 Platypus anatinus Shaw, 1799

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or monotypic taxon of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) ^[4] and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.

Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes. It is one of the few mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. Like other monotremes, it senses prey through electrolocation. It is ane of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom, capable of causing severe hurting to humans. The unusual advent of this egg-laying, duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they outset encountered it, and the offset scientists to examine a preserved platypus body (in 1799) judged it a fake, made of several animals sewn together.

The unique features of the platypus make it an important subject area in the study of evolutionary biology, and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia. Information technology is culturally significant to several Ancient peoples of Commonwealth of australia, who also used to chase the animate being for food. It has appeared as a mascot at national events and features on the contrary of the Australian twenty-cent coin, and the platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New S Wales. Until the early 20th century, humans hunted the platypus for its fur, but information technology is now protected throughout its range. Although convict-breeding programs accept had only limited success, and the platypus is vulnerable to the furnishings of pollution, it is not under any firsthand threat.

Equally of 2022 ^[update] , the platypus is a legally protected species in all states where it occurs. It is listed as an endangered species in South Australia and Victoria and has been recommended for listing in New South Wales. ^[five] The species is classified as a near-threatened species by the IUCN, only a November 2022 written report has recommended that information technology is upgraded to threatened species under the federal EPBC Deed , due to habitat destruction and failing numbers in all states.

Taxonomy and etymology

Frederick Nodder's illustration from the commencement scientific description in 1799 of "Platypus anatinus"

When the platypus was offset encountered by Europeans in 1798, a pelt and sketch were sent back to Dandy Britain past Helm John Hunter, the 2d Governor of New South Wales. ^[6] British scientists' initial hunch was that the attributes were a hoax. ^[seven] George Shaw, who produced the first description of the animal in the Naturalist'southward Miscellany in 1799, stated it was impossible non to entertain doubts every bit to its genuine nature, ^[8] and Robert Knox believed it might accept been produced by some Asian taxidermist. ^[vii] Information technology was idea that somebody had sewn a duck's pecker onto the body of a beaver-like animal. Shaw fifty-fifty took a pair of pair of scissors to the stale skin to check for stitches. ^{[9] [8]}

The common proper noun "platypus" literally ways 'flat-foot', deriving from the Greek word platúpous ( πλατύπους ), ^[x] from platús ( πλατύς 'broad, wide, apartment') ^[11] and poús ( πούς 'pes'). ^{[12] [13]} Shaw initially assigned the species the Linnaean name Platypus anatinus when he described it, ^[xiv] but the genus term was apace discovered to already be in use as the proper name of the wood-boring ambrosia beetle genus Platypus . ^[15] It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 (from a specimen given to him past Sir Joseph Banks) ^[xvi] and following the rules of priority of nomenclature, it was later officially recognised every bit Ornithorhynchus anatinus. ^[15]

The scientific name Ornithorhynchus anatinus literally ways 'duck-like bird-snout', deriving its genus proper name from the Greek root ornith- ( όρνιθ 'bird') and the give-and-take rhúnkhos ( ῥύγχος 'snout'), and deriving its species name from Latin anatinus ('duck-like'). ^[fourteen]

There is no universally-agreed plural form of "platypus" in the English language. Scientists generally use "platypuses" or simply "platypus". Colloquially, the term "platypi" is also used for the plural, although this is a form of pseudo-Latin; ^[nine] going by the word'south Greek roots the plural would be "platypodes". Early on British settlers chosen it by many names, such as "watermole", "duckbill", and "duckmole". ^[9] Occasionally it is specifically chosen the "duck-billed platypus".

Description

In David Collins's business relationship of the new colony 1788–1801, he describes coming across "an amphibious animal, of the mole species". His business relationship includes a drawing of the fauna. ^[17]

The body and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brown, biofluorescent fur that traps a layer of insulating air to proceed the animal warm. ^{[9] [15] [18]} The fur is waterproof, and the texture is alike to that of a mole. ^[19] The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves (an accommodation also plant in animals such as the Tasmanian devil ^[20] ). The webbing on the feet is more significant on the front feet and is folded back when walking on country. The elongated snout and lower jaw are covered in soft skin, forming the bill. The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove ready just dorsum from it; this groove is closed when swimming. ^[15] Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens. ^[9]

A colour print of platypuses from 1863

Weight varies considerably from 0.7 to 2.iv kg (1 lb nine oz to five lb 5 oz), with males being larger than females. Males average 50 cm (20 in) in total length, while females average 43 cm (17 in), ^[15] with substantial variation in average size from one region to another. This pattern does not seem to follow any detail climatic dominion and may be due to other ecology factors, such every bit predation and man inroad. ^[21]

The platypus has an average body temperature of about 32 °C (xc °F) rather than the 37 °C (99 °F) typical of placental mammals. ^[22] Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to harsh environmental conditions on the role of the pocket-size number of surviving monotreme species rather than a historical characteristic of monotremes. ^{[23] [24]}

Modern platypus young take iii teeth in each of the maxillae (one premolar and two molars) and dentaries (3 molars), which they lose before or merely afterward leaving the convenance burrow; ^[15] adults take heavily keratinised pads chosen ceratodontes in their place, which they use to grind food. ^{[15] [25] [26]} The first upper and third lower cheek teeth of platypus nestlings are small, each having one principal cusp, while the other teeth accept two primary cusps. ^[27] The platypus jaw is constructed differently from that of other mammals, and the jaw-opening muscle is dissimilar. ^[xv] As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound in the middle ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in pre mammalian synapsids. All the same, the external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw. ^[15] The platypus has extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle, which is non establish in other mammals. ^[fifteen] Equally in many other aquatic and semiaquatic vertebrates, the bones prove osteosclerosis, increasing their density to provide ballast. ^[28] It has a reptilian gait, with the legs on the sides of the body, rather than underneath. ^[fifteen] When on land, it engages in knuckle-walking on its front feet, to protect the webbing betwixt the toes. ^[29]

Venom

The calcaneus spur plant on the male's hind limb is used to deliver venom.

While both male and female platypuses are born with ankle spurs, merely the spurs on the male person's back ankles deliver venom, ^{[30] [31] [32]} composed largely of defensin-like proteins (DLPs), iii of which are unique to the platypus. ^[33] The DLPs are produced by the allowed organization of the platypus. The part of defensins is to crusade lysis in pathogenic leaner and viruses, only in platypuses they also are formed into venom for defence. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such equally dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, but the pain is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated. ^{[33] [34]} Oedema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb. Information obtained from instance histories and anecdotal evidence indicates the hurting develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to hurting) that persists for days or even months. ^{[35] [36]} Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected past a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb. The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds that do non develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands. ^[15]

The venom appears to take a different function from those produced by non-mammalian species; its effects are not life-threatening to humans, but nevertheless powerful plenty to seriously impair the victim. Since only males produce venom and product rises during the breeding flavour, information technology may exist used as an offensive weapon to assert authority during this period. ^[33]

Like spurs are found on many primitive mammal groups, indicating that this is an aboriginal characteristic for mammals as a whole, and not exclusive to the platypus or other monotremes. ^[37]

Electrolocation

Platypus shown to children

Monotremes are the only mammals (apart from at least one species of dolphin) ^[38] known to accept a sense of electroreception: they locate their casualty in part by detecting electrical fields generated by muscular contractions. The platypus's electroreception is the most sensitive of whatsoever monotreme. ^{[39] [twoscore]}

The electroreceptors are located in rostrocaudal rows in the skin of the beak, while mechanoreceptors (which detect touch) are uniformly distributed beyond the bill. The electrosensory area of the cognitive cortex is contained within the tactile somatosensory area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a close association between the tactile and electric senses. Both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the bill boss the somatotopic map of the platypus brain, in the same style man hands dominate the Penfield homunculus map. ^{[41] [42]}

The platypus can determine the direction of an electric source, possibly by comparing differences in signal force across the sheet of electroreceptors. This would explicate the characteristic side-to-side movement of the animal'south head while hunting. The cortical convergence of electrosensory and tactile inputs suggests a machinery that determines the distance of prey that, when they move, emit both electrical signals and mechanical pressure pulses. The platypus uses the difference between arrival times of the 2 signals to sense distance. ^[forty]

Feeding by neither sight nor smell, ^[43] the platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose each time information technology dives. ^[44] Rather, when it digs in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect tiny electric currents generated past muscular contractions of its prey, so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors. ^[40] Experiments accept shown the platypus volition fifty-fifty react to an "artificial shrimp" if a small electric electric current is passed through it. ^[45]

Monotreme electrolocation probably evolved in lodge to let the animals to forage in murky waters, and may be tied to their tooth loss. ^[46] The extinct Obdurodon was electroreceptive, merely different the modern platypus information technology foraged pelagically (near the ocean surface). ^[46]

Eyes

In recent studies it has been suggested that the optics of the platypus are more than similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of nigh tetrapods. The optics too contain double cones, which nearly mammals practice not take. ^[47]

Although the platypus's eyes are modest and not used under h2o, several features betoken that vision played an important function in its ancestors. The corneal surface and the adjacent surface of the lens is flat while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, like to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and ocean-lions. A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a role in predation, while the accompanying visual acuity is bereft for such activities. Furthermore, this express acuity is matched past a depression cortical magnification, a small lateral geniculate nucleus and a large optic tectum, suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more important role than the visual cortex, equally in some rodents. These features suggest that the platypus has adjusted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, developing its electrosensory system at the cost of its visual organisation; an evolutionary process paralleled past the small number of electroreceptors in the brusque-beaked echidna, which dwells in dry environments, whilst the long-beaked echidna, which lives in moist environments, is intermediate between the other 2 monotremes. ^[41]

Biofluorescence

In 2022, inquiry in biofluorescence revealed that the platypus glows a bluish-dark-green colour when exposed to black calorie-free. ^[48]

Distribution, ecology, and behaviour

Dentition, every bit illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History

The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an all-encompassing range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of coastal Queensland as far due north as the base of the Cape York Peninsula. ^[49]

Inland, its distribution is not well known. It was considered extinct on the Southward Australian mainland, with the last sighting recorded at Renmark in 1975, ^[50] until some years afterwards John Wamsley had created Warrawong Sanctuary (see below) in the 1980s, setting a platypus breeding plan there, and it had subsequently closed. ^{[51] [52]} In 2017 there were some unconfirmed sightings downstream, outside the sanctuary, ^[50] and in October 2022 a nesting platypus was filmed inside the recently reopened sanctuary. ^[53] There is a population on Kangaroo Isle ^[54] introduced in the 1920s, which was said to stand at 150 individuals in the Rocky River region of Flinders Hunt National Park before the 2022–20 Australian bushfire season, in which big portions of the island burnt, decimating all wildlife. Withal, with the SA Department for Environment and Water recovery teams working hard to reinstate their habitat, there had been a number of sightings reported by April 2022. ^[55]

The platypus is no longer constitute in the main part of the Murray-Darling Basin, perchance due to the declining water quality brought about by extensive state clearing and irrigation schemes. ^[56] Forth the coastal river systems, its distribution is unpredictable; information technology appears to be absent from some relatively healthy rivers, and yet maintains a presence in others, for example, the lower Maribyrnong, that are quite degraded. ^[57]

In captivity, platypuses have survived to 17 years of historic period, and wild specimens have been recaptured when 11 years quondam. Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to exist depression. ^[fifteen] Natural predators include snakes, water rats, goannas, hawks, owls, and eagles. Low platypus numbers in northern Commonwealth of australia are possibly due to predation by crocodiles. ^[58] The introduction of cherry-red foxes in 1845 for hunting may have had some impact on its numbers on the mainland. ^[21] The platypus is generally regarded as nocturnal and crepuscular, but individuals are also active during the mean solar day, particularly when the sky is overcast. ^{[59] [sixty]} Its habitat bridges rivers and the riparian zone for both a nutrient supply of prey species, and banks where information technology can dig resting and nesting burrows. ^[60] It may have a range of upwardly to 7 km (iv.3 mi), with a male's home range overlapping those of three or 4 females. ^[61]

The platypus is an first-class swimmer and spends much of its time in the water foraging for food. It has a very feature swimming style and no external ears. ^[62] Uniquely among mammals, it propels itself when swimming by an alternating rowing motion of the front anxiety; although all four feet of the platypus are webbed, the hind feet (which are held against the body) do non assistance in propulsion, simply are used for steering in combination with the tail. ^[63] The species is endothermic, maintaining its body temperature at virtually 32°C (90°F), lower than about mammals, even while foraging for hours in h2o below 5°C (41°F). ^[xv]

Dives normally concluding around 30 seconds, but tin last longer, although few exceed the estimated aerobic limit of 40 seconds. Recovery at the surface betwixt dives normally takes from 10 to 20 seconds. ^{[64] [65]}

When not in the water, the platypus retires to a short, direct resting burrow of oval cantankerous-section, almost always in the riverbank non far above water level, and often subconscious nether a protective tangle of roots. ^[62]

The average sleep fourth dimension of a platypus is said to be as long every bit 14 hours per day, possibly because it eats crustaceans, which provide a loftier level of calories. ^[66]

Diet

The platypus is a carnivore: information technology feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp, and freshwater yabby (crayfish) that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten. ^[62] The platypus needs to eat about 20% of its ain weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for nutrient. ^[64]

Reproduction

Platypus's nest with eggs (replica)

When the platypus was beginning encountered by European naturalists, they were divided over whether the female lays eggs. This was finally confirmed past William Hay Caldwell's team in 1884. ^{[15] [33]}

The species exhibits a single breeding season; mating occurs betwixt June and October, with some local variation taking place betwixt dissimilar populations across its range. ^[58] Historical observation, mark-and-recapture studies, and preliminary investigations of population genetics signal the possibility of both resident and transient members of populations, and suggest a polygynous mating system. ^[67] Females are idea probable to become sexually mature in their second year, with breeding confirmed nevertheless to take identify in animals over nine years old. ^[67]

Outside the mating flavour, the platypus lives in a simple basis burrow, the entrance of which is about 30 cm (12 in) in a higher place the water level. After mating, the female constructs a deeper, more than elaborate couch up to 20 m (65 ft) long and blocked at intervals with plugs (which may act as a safeguard against rise waters or predators, or every bit a method of regulating humidity and temperature). ^[68] The male person takes no role in caring for its young, and retreats to his twelvemonth-long couch. The female softens the ground in the burrow with dead, folded, moisture leaves, and she fills the nest at the end of the tunnel with fallen leaves and reeds for bedding fabric. This material is dragged to the nest by tucking it underneath her curled tail. ^[nine]

The female platypus has a pair of ovaries, merely but the left ane is functional. ^[59] The platypus'south genes are a possible evolutionary link betwixt the mammalian XY and bird/reptile ZW sex-decision systems because one of the platypus's five X chromosomes contains the DMRT1 gene, which birds possess on their Z chromosome. ^[69] It lays ane to three (usually two) pocket-sized, leathery eggs (like to those of reptiles), nigh 11 mm ( 7⁄xvi  in) in diameter and slightly rounder than bird eggs. ^[lxx] The eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about ten days of external incubation (in contrast to a craven egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally). ^[59] Subsequently laying her eggs, the female curls effectually them. The incubation menses is divided into three phases. ^[71] In the start phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. ^[72] During the 2d phase, the digits develop, and in the last phase, the egg tooth appears. ^[71]

Nearly mammal zygotes go through holoblastic cleavage, meaning that, following fertilization, the ovum is separate due to jail cell divisions into multiple, divisible daughter cells. This is in comparison to the more ancestral procedure of meroblastic cleavage, present in monotremes like the platypus and in not-mammals like reptiles and birds. In meroblastic cleavage, the ovum does not split completely. This causes the cells at the edge of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg'southward cytoplasm. This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to commutation waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm. ^[73]

In that location is no official term for platypus immature, merely the term "platypup" sees unofficial use. ^[74] Newly hatched platypuses are vulnerable, blind, and hairless, and are fed by the mother'south milk. Although possessing mammary glands, the platypus lacks teats. Instead, milk is released through pores in the skin. The milk pools in grooves on her abdomen, allowing the young to lap information technology up. ^{[9] [58]} After they hatch, the offspring are suckled for 3 to four months. During incubation and weaning, the mother initially leaves the burrow only for short periods, to forage. When doing so, she creates a number of thin soil plugs along the length of the burrow, mayhap to protect the young from predators; pushing past these on her return forces h2o from her fur and allows the burrow to remain dry. ^[75] After nearly five weeks, the mother begins to spend more time abroad from her young, and at around four months, the young emerge from the burrow. ^[58] A platypus is born with teeth, but these drop out at a very early on age, leaving the horny plates it uses to grind food. ^[25]

Evolution

Evolutionary relationships between the platypus and other mammals [76]

The platypus and other monotremes were very poorly understood, and some of the 19th century myths that grew up around them – for example, that the monotremes were "inferior" or quasireptilian – still suffer. ^[77] In 1947, William King Gregory theorised that placental mammals and marsupials may accept diverged earlier, and a subsequent branching divided the monotremes and marsupials, but later research and fossil discoveries have suggested this is wrong. ^{[77] [78]} In fact, modernistic monotremes are the survivors of an early on branching of the mammal tree, and a later branching is idea to take led to the marsupial and placental groups. ^{[77] [79]} Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest platypuses split from echidnas around xix–48million years ago. ^[fourscore]

Reconstruction of ancient platypus relative Steropodon

The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago, during the Quaternary period. The extinct monotremes Teinolophos and Steropodon were in one case thought to be closely related to the modern platypus, ^[78] but are at present considered more than basal taxa. ^[81] The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New South Wales and is composed of an opalised lower jawbone with 3 tooth teeth (whereas the adult contemporary platypus is toothless). The molar teeth were initially thought to be tribosphenic, which would have supported a variation of Gregory's theory, but subsequently research has suggested, while they accept iii cusps, they evolved under a separate process. ^[82] The fossil is thought to exist about 110meg years onetime, making it the oldest mammal fossil found in Commonwealth of australia. Unlike the modern platypus (and echidnas), Teinolophos lacked a neb. ^[81]

Monotrematum sudamericanum , another fossil relative of the platypus, has been found in Argentina, indicating monotremes were present in the supercontinent of Gondwana when the continents of South America and Commonwealth of australia were joined via Antarctica (until nigh 167million years agone). ^{[82] [83]} A fossilised tooth of a giant platypus species, Obdurodon tharalkooschild , was dated 5–xvone thousand thousand years ago. Judging by the tooth, the fauna measured 1.3 metres long, making it the largest platypus on tape. ^[84]

Because of the early divergence from the therian mammals and the low numbers of extant monotreme species, the platypus is a frequent discipline of research in evolutionary biology. In 2004, researchers at the Australian National University discovered the platypus has ten sex chromosomes, compared with two (XY) in nearly other mammals. These ten chromosomes form five unique pairs of XY in males and Xx in females, i.e. males are X₁Y₁X₂Y_iiTen_iiiY_iiiX_ivY₄X₅Y_five. ^[85] Ane of the Ten chromosomes of the platypus has groovy homology to the bird Z chromosome. ^[86] The platypus genome also has both reptilian and mammalian genes associated with egg fertilisation. ^{[43] [87]} Though the platypus lacks the mammalian sex-determining cistron SRY, a written report constitute that the machinery of sexual practice conclusion is the AMH gene on the oldest Y chromosome. ^{[88] [89]} A draft version of the platypus genome sequence was published in Nature on 8May 2008, revealing both reptilian and mammalian elements, besides as two genes found previously only in birds, amphibians, and fish. More than than fourscore% of the platypus's genes are common to the other mammals whose genomes have been sequenced. ^[43] An updated genome, the well-nigh complete on tape, was published in 2022, together with the genome of the short-beaked echidna. ^[90]

Conservation

A depiction of a platypus from a book for children published in Germany in 1798

Status and threats

Except for its loss from the state of Southward Australia, the platypus occupies the same general distribution as it did prior to European settlement of Commonwealth of australia. However, local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to human being modification of its habitat are documented. Its historical abundance is unknown and its current affluence hard to gauge, but it is assumed to have declined in numbers, although as of 1998 was nonetheless being considered as common over most of its electric current range. ^[60] The species was extensively hunted for its fur until the early years of the 20th century and, although protected throughout Australia since 1905, ^[75] until about 1950 information technology was still at risk of drowning in the nets of inland fisheries. ^[56]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature recategorised its condition as "most threatened" in 2016. ^[91] The species is protected by law, just the only land in which it is listed as endangered is S Australia, under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 . In 2022 it has been recommended to be listed as a vulnerable species in Victoria under the country'southward Flora and Brute Guarantee Act 1988 . ^[92]

Habitat destruction

The platypus is non considered to be in immediate danger of extinction, considering conservation measures accept been successful, but it could be adversely affected by habitat disruption caused past dams, irrigation, pollution, netting, and trapping. Reduction of watercourse flows and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red Listing every bit "Most Threatened" ^[ii] equally assessed in 2016, when it was estimated that numbers had reduced by about 30 percent on boilerplate since European settlement. The animal is listed equally endangered in S Commonwealth of australia, only it is non covered at all under the federal EPBC Act . ^{[93] [94]}

Researchers have worried for years that declines have been greater than assumed. ^[93] In January 2022, researchers from the University of New S Wales presented evidence that the platypus is at risk of extinction, due to a combination of extraction of h2o resources, country immigration, climate change and astringent drought. ^{[95] [96]} The written report predicted that, considering current threats, the animals' abundance would decline past 47%–66% and metapopulation occupancy by 22%–32% over fifty years, causing "extinction of local populations across well-nigh forty% of the range". Under projections of climatic change projections to 2070, reduced habitat due to drought would lead to 51–73% reduced abundance and 36–56% reduced metapopulation occupancy within fifty years respectively. These predictions suggested that the species would fall under the "Vulnerable" classification. The authors stressed the need for national conservation efforts, which might include conducting more surveys, tracking trends, reduction of threats and comeback of river management to ensure salubrious platypus habitat. ^[97] Co-author Gilad Bino is concerned that the estimates of the 2016 baseline numbers could exist wrong, and numbers may accept been reduced by as much as half already. ^[93]

A Nov 2022 study past scientists from the University of New Southward Wales, funded by a research grant from the Australian Conservation Foundation in collaboration with the Globe Wildlife Fund Commonwealth of australia and the Humane Society International Australia revealed that that platypus habitat in Australia had shrunk by 22 per cent in the previous 30 years, and recommended that the platypus should exist listed as a threatened species under the EPBC Deed. ^[98] Declines in population had been greatest in NSW, in particular in the Murray-Darling Basin. ^{[99] [100] [92]}

Affliction

Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, as of 2008 there was concern in Tasmania about the potential impacts of a affliction acquired by the fungus Mucor amphibiorum . The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and had not been observed in platypuses in mainland Commonwealth of australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on diverse parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs. Mucormycosis can impale platypuses, decease arising from secondary infection and by affecting the animals' ability to maintain trunk temperature and forage efficiently. The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Principal Industries and H2o collaborated with NRM northward and University of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses, equally well as the mechanism of manual and spread of the disease. ^[101]

Platypus in wildlife sanctuaries

Much of the world was introduced to the platypus in 1939 when National Geographic Magazine published an commodity on the platypus and the efforts to study and heighten it in captivity. The latter is a difficult job, and only a few young have been successfully raised since, notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria. The leading effigy in these efforts was David Fleay, who established a platypusary (a simulated stream in a tank) at the Healesville Sanctuary, where breeding was successful in 1943. ^[102] In 1972, he plant a dead babe of about 50 days old, which had presumably been born in captivity, at his wildlife park at Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast, Queensland. ^[103] Healesville repeated its success in 1998 and again in 2000 with a similar stream tank. ^[104] Since 2008, platypus has bred regularly at Healesville, ^[105] including second-generation (convict born themselves convenance in captivity). ^[106] Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and breeding was again successful there in 2006. ^[104]

Platypuses are kept at the following sanctuaries:

Queensland

• David Fleay Wildlife Park, Gold Declension, Queensland
• Solitary Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland ^[107]
• Walkabout Creek Wild fauna Centre, The Gap, Brisbane, Queensland ^[108]
• The Australian Platypus Park at Tarzali Lakes, Millaa Millaa, Queensland ^[109]

New Southward Wales

• Taronga Zoo, Sydney, New S Wales
• Sydney Wild Life, Sydney, New South Wales
• Australian Reptile Park, Somersby, New South Wales

South Australia

• Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary in the Adelaide Hills ^[110]

Victoria

• Healesville Sanctuary, near Melbourne, Victoria, where the platypus was start bred in captivity past naturalist David Fleay in 1943. ^[102] The get-go platypus "born" in captivity was named Corrie and was quite popular with the public. In 1955, three months before a new "platypussary" (after "aviary") was opened, she escaped from her pen into the nearby Badger Creek and was never recovered.

U.s.

As of 2022, the only platypuses in captivity outside of Australia are in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in the U.S. land of California. ^{[111] [112]}

Three attempts were fabricated to bring the animals to the Bronx Zoo, in 1922, 1947, and 1958; of these, only ii of the three animals introduced in 1947 lived longer than eighteen months. ^[113]

Usage by humans

A platypus fur cape made in 1890. It was donated to the National Gallery of Victoria by Mrs F Smith in 1985

Ancient Australians used to chase platypuses for food (their fatty tails being particularly nutritious), while, later colonisation, Europeans hunted them for fur from the late 19th century and until 1912, when information technology was prohibited by law. In addition, European researchers captured and killed platypus or removed their eggs, partly in gild to increment scientific knowledge, only also to gain prestige and outcompete rivals from different countries. ^[92]

Cultural references

Large carving of a platypus at the Australian Axeman'south Hall of Fame

9d postage stamp from 1937

The platypus has been a subject field in the Dreamtime stories of Ancient Australians, some of whom believed the animal was a hybrid of a duck and a water rat. ^{[114] : 57–60}

According to ane story of the upper Darling River, ^[92] the major animal groups, the land animals, water animals and birds, all competed for the platypus to join their respective groups, but the platypus ultimately decided to not join any of them, feeling that he did not need to be part of a grouping to exist special, ^{[114] : 83–85} and wished to remain friends with all of those groups. ^[92] Another Dreaming story emanate of the upper Darling tells of a immature duck which ventured likewise far, ignoring the warnings of her tribe, and was kidnapped by a large h2o-rat called Biggoon. After managing to escape later on some time, she returned and laid ii eggs which hatched into strange hirsuite creatures, and then they were all banished and went to live in the mountains. ^[92]

The platypus is likewise used by some Ancient peoples as a totem, which is to them "a natural object, plant or animal that is inherited by members of a clan or family as their spiritual emblem", and the animate being holds special meaning every bit a totem animal for the Wadi Wadi people, who live along the Murray River. Considering of their cultural significance and importance in connection to country, the platypus is protected and conserved past these Indigenous peoples. ^[92]

The platypus has oftentimes been used as a symbol of Australia'due south cultural identity. In the 1940s, alive platypuses were given to allies in the 2d Earth War, in lodge to strengthen ties and boost morale. ^[92]

Platypuses take been used several times as mascots: Syd the platypus was one of the 3 mascots chosen for the Sydney 2000 Olympics along with an echidna and a kookaburra, ^[115] Expo Oz the platypus was the mascot for Globe Expo 88, which was held in Brisbane in 1988, ^[116] and Hexley the platypus is the mascot for the Darwin operating organisation, the BSD-based core of macOS and other operating systems from Apple Inc. ^[117]

Since the introduction of decimal currency to Commonwealth of australia in 1966, the embossed paradigm of a platypus, designed and sculpted past Stuart Devlin, has appeared on the reverse (tails) side of the xx-cent money. ^[118] The platypus has ofttimes appeared in Australian postage stamps, virtually recently the 2015 "Native Animals" series and the 2016 "Australian Animals Monotremes" series. ^{[119] [120]}

In the American animated series Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015), the title characters ain a pet platypus named Perry who, unknown to them, is a clandestine agent. The choice of a platypus was inspired by media underuse, equally well as to exploit the animate being's striking appearance. ^[121] As a character, Perry has been well received by both fans and critics. ^{[122] [123]} Additionally, show creator Dan Povenmire, who besides wrote the character'due south theme vocal, said that its opening lyrics are based on the introductory sentence of the Platypus commodity on Wikipedia, copying the "semiaquatic egg-laying mammal" phrase give-and-take for give-and-take, and appending the phrase "of action". ^[124]

See likewise

• Henry Burrell
• Ellis Joseph
• Brute of Australia

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References

Books

• Augee, Michael L. (2001). "Platypus". World Volume Encyclopedia.
• Burrell, Harry (1974). The Platypus. Adelaide SA: Rigby. ISBN 978-0-85179-521-8 .
• Fleay, David H. (1980). Paradoxical Platypus: Hobnobbing with Duckbills . Jacaranda Press. ISBN 978-0-7016-1364-8 .
• Grant, Tom (1995). The platypus: a unique mammal . Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-143-0 .
• Griffiths, Mervyn (1978). The Biology of the Monotremes . Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-303850-0 .
• Hutch, Michael; McDade, Melissa C., eds. (2004). "Grzimek'south Fauna Life Encyclopedia: Lower metazoans and lesser deuterosomes". Grzimek's Brute Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 12: Mammals III. Gale. ISBN 9780787657772 . OCLC1089554968.
• Moyal, Ann Mozley (2004). Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Printing. ISBN 978-0-8018-8052-0 .
• Strahan, Ronald; Van Dyck, Steve (April 2006). Mammals of Commonwealth of australia (3rd ed.). New Kingdom of the netherlands. ISBN 978-1-877069-25-3 .

Documentaries

• "Southern Exposure". Eye of the Storm. 2000. Australian Dissemination Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. DVD EAN 9398710245592
• "El Niño". Eye of the Storm. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013.

External links

• Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Ornithorhynchus anatinus
• Platypus facts
• View the platypus genome in Ensembl

Animal That Looks Like a Beaver and Duck

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus